During the Ice Age, massive glaciers covered large portions of the Northern Hemisphere, dramatically altering the distribution of plants and animals. Entire ecosystems shifted as species adapted to ...

Mountains are defined by their prominence, steep sides, and significant height above the surrounding regions. They harbor exceptionally high levels of biodiversity and a great number of endemic ...

Biogeography and phylogeography are complementary disciplines that seek to explain the distribution of life on Earth by integrating historical, ecological, geological, and genetic perspectives.